Indus Valley Civilization

Indus Valley 

Civilization

Indus Valley Civilization(2500 BC-1500 BC):

Indus Valley Civilization

Important Points :

• Indus Valley civilization was a highly advanced civilization and derived it's named from a river Indus.
• Harappa was discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921 and it was first discovered site that's why this civilization also called as Harappan Civilization.
• Harappan script is regarded as Pictographic since it  signs represent birds, fish and human forms. The script was Boustrophedon, written from right to left in one line and then from left to right in the next line.

Boustrophedon

•  The Harappan Culture belongs to the Bronze Age. 
• Stone , Copper and Bronze were used in making Harappan weapons.
• The chied male deity was Pashupati Mahadeva. He is surrounded with four animals - Elephants, Tiger, Rhino and Buffalo and also two deers appears at his feet.

Pashupati Mahadeva

• Indus Valley Civilization had a well developed economy.
• The Harappan had commercial links with Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Saurashtra, South India, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar for Inter-Regional Trade.
• Foreign Trade was also conducted with Mesopotamia and Bahrin.
• Boat making was practised.
• Cotton and Wool clothes were used by the Harappan people.
• Buildings were made of  burnt bricks.
• Unicorn is the animal most frequently represents on the seals.
• Agriculture economy was mainly based on wheat and winter corps.
• Although the Harappans practised agriculture, animals were kept on a large scale. Ox, buffaloes, goats, sheep and pigs were domesticated.
• The Mesopotamia records from about 2350 B.C. onwards refer to trade relations with Meluha, which was the ancient name given to the Indus region.

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Important centers of Indus Valley Civilization :

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Harappa : 

River - Ravi.
Location - Mont Gomery District of Western Punjab in present Pakistan.
Discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921.
Evidence - Great Granary, A male statue in a dancing pose, Circular Brick platforms.
It was first discovered site.

Mohenjodaro :
River - Indus.
Location - Larkana district of Sindh in Pakistan.
Discovered  by Rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922.
Evidence - Great Bath, Bronze statue of dancing girl, Image of  Pashupati.
It is the largest of all Indus cities.
Mohenjodaro means "Mound of the Dead".

Chanhudaro :
River - Indus.
Location - Sindh in Pakistan
Discovered by NG Majumder.
Evidence - Industrial Town, , Ink pot.
Only Indus city without a citadel.
Kalibangan :
River - Ghaggar
Location - Rajasthan in India
Evidence - Mud brick fortification, Fire alters, Bones of Camel
Mehergarh :
River - Bolan
Location - Baluchistan in Pakistan
Evidence -First evidence of agriculture.
Mehergarh is the oldest civilization of Indian Sub-Continent and one of the most important Neolithic sites in archaeology. 

Roper :

River - Sutlej

Location - Punjab, India

Evidence - Double burial of man and dog.

Lothal :

River - Bhagava 

Location - Gujrat, India

Evidence - Artificial brick dockyard, Fire altars, Earliest cultivation of rice, , Double burial sytem of a man and a woman

Surkotada:

Location - Rann of Kutch, Gujrat

Evidence - Horse.

Dholabira :

Location - Rann of kutch, Gujrat

Evidence - It is the latest discovered city of Indus Valley Civilization , A Stadium , Highly developed water management system.

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