Advent of European | Modern History of India

Advent of European 

Modern History of India

Advent of European 

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The advent of European | Modern History of India

Concise descriptive notes of the chapter Advent of European :

We know that the commercial contact between India and Europe is very old via the land route. The first efforts were by the Portuguese to find the sea route to India.

  Entry of European Powers :  

Portuguese ⇒ Dutch ⇒ English ⇒ Danes ⇒ French 

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The Portuguese

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• Prince Henry of Portugal, nicknamed the Navigator devoted his whole life to find the sea route to India.
• Bartholomew Diaz reached Cape of Good Hope in 1487 A.D. 
• Following his route another Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut in 1498 A.D.
• Vasco da Gama returned to Portugal in 1499 A.D.

  

  Vasco da Gama

• Again in 1502, his arrival at Calicut was well received by its ruler named Zamorin. Then he established a factory at Cochin.
• The early capital of Portuguese in India was Cochin. Later Goa replaced it.
• In 1503 Alfanso de Albuquerque arrived in India as commander of a squadron.
• Albuquerque was the first Portuguese governor (1505-1509) in India. 
• Alfanso de Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510 from Bijapur.
• The Portuguese king gave Bombay to Charles-II of England for marrying his sister in 1661.

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The Dutch 

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• The Dutch East India Company was formed in1602.
• In 1619, the company forcibly established a central position in the Javanese city of Jayakarta, changing the name to Batavia (Modern name is Jakarta). 
• The old name of the Dutch East India Company is VOC, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie.
• Their final collapse with their defeat by the English in the battle of Badera in 1759.

Establishment of Dutch Factory
Pulicat	1610
Surat	1616
Chinsura	1653
Cassimbazar, Ratna, Balasore, Nagapattanam	1659
Cochin	1663

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English East India Company 

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• The English East India Company was formed by a group of merchants known as The Merchants Adventures in 1600.
• Willam Hawkings arrived at Surat in 1608. He met Jahangir. He was called English Khan by Jahangir.
• An imperial Farmans or Royal Orders allowed the company to set up a permanent factory at Surat in 1612.
• Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I, arrived at Jahangir's Court in 1615.
• The company established its first factory in the South in Masulipatnam in 1616.
• The company established its first factory in East India in Hariharpur, Balasore (Orissa) in1633.
• The Portuguese gave Bombay as a part of dowry to their princess(Catherine of Braganza), on her marriage with Charles II of Berlin in 1662.
• Aurangzeb gave the English a Farman for trade in Bengal in 1667.
• In 1717, The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a Farman called Magna Carta of the company, giving the company a large number of trade concessions.
• Queen Elizabeth was the largest shareholder of East India Company.

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The French

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• The first French factories were established by Francois Caron at Surat in 1668 and at Masulipatnam in 1669 by Marcara.
• The capital of the French Company was Pondicherry.
• A factory was also developed at Chandannagar in Bengal (Presently in West Bengal) in 1690.
• French were defeated in the battle of Wandiwash by the English in 1760 and lost almost all their lands of factories in India.
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Danish

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Danish factories were established at Tranquebar in 1620 and at Serampore in 1755. 

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